Section 12 - NMR Spectroscopy
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NMR Spectroscopy - Section 12 of Organic Chemistry Notes is 18 pages in length (page 12-1 through page 12-18) and covers ALL you'll need to know on the following lecture/book topics:
12-1 -- Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR)
· 1H NMR and 13C NMR
12-1 -- 1H NMR
· Alpha Spin-State and Beta Spin-State
· Magnetic Field (Ho)
· Spin Flips (alpha --> beta)
· Shielding (Hp Ξ Ho)
12-3 -- A Sample NMR Spectrum
· Use of Tetramethyl Silane (TMS)
· ppm Scale
· “Downfield” vs. “Upfield”
· delta-Values and Chemical Shifts
12-4 -- Characteristic Chemical Shifts for Various Functional Groups
12-5 -- 6 Factors That Allow Us to Understand 1H NMR
12-6 -- Relative Areas Under NMR Absorption Peaks
· Electronic Integration
· Integral Step Heighths
12-6 -- Spin-Spin Splitting (Coupling)
· Relative Intensities of NMR Absorption Peaks
· Pascal’s Triangle and Multiplets
· Singlet, Doublet, Triplet, Quartet, etc.
· The Coupling Constant (J)
· Equivalent Protons Do Not Couple
· Cyclohexane: Axial-H’s vs. Equatorial-H’s
12-11 -- Alcohols and NMR
· Alcohol Proton (1H) is a Very Broad Singlet
· D2O Exchange Identifies the Alcohol Proton in 1H NMR
12-12 -- Complex Splitting in NMR
· Vinylic Coupling
· Use of Tree Diagrams
· J(geminal)
· J(trans) vs. J(cis)
· What’s a “Doublet of Doublets”?
12-13 -- The Effect of Cyclohexane Conformation on Coupling
· Coupling Constant (J) Depends on the Dihedral Angle (Sigma)
· Karplus Curve
12-14 -- "Types” of Coupling
· Vicinal Coupling (3-Bond Couplings)
· Geminal Coupling (2-Bond Couplings)
· Long-Range Coupling (Greater Than 3-Bond Couplings)
12-15 -- 1H NMR and Dynamic Effects
· Deuterated Cyclohexane (C6D11H)
· Ring-Flip at Room Temperature (25°C)
· Cooling to Slow Down the Ring-Flip
12-16 -- 13C NMR
· Typical Absorption Ranges (0ppm – 250ppm)
· 13C Chemical Shifts for Various Functional Groups
· Proton-Decoupled 13C NMR (“Normal Spectrum”)
· Off-Resonance Decoupling (“Spin-Coupled Mode”)
· Singlets, Doublets, Triplets, Quartets
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